Summarise and Compare the Evidence for the Development of Agriculture Essay Example for Free

say and Compare the raise for the Development of Agriculture EssayThe two continents provide a very opposite insight into the ontogeny of agriculture. America with its slow alterations, for example the gathering that continued and the consistency of crops remaining in their natural habitat until much by and by for example the May grass. sulfur West Asia reveals a variant approach where although still gradual growth the use of tools and grinders support the discovery of cultivation and domestication track this continent towards villages and eventually civilizations with trade and travel as its force for miscellanea as early man emulated and adapted. The southwest begins its agricultural fracture in a position of power in comparison to the Americas. change plants and animals that could eventually be domestic. The south west was ideal for hunting and gathering producing much flora and beast with the 250mmr of rainfall. Signifi dealt changes occurred around 1100-9600 B C with the Younger Dryas cooling the terrain. Dependency on hunting whitethorn cede proven a hardship and cultivation being more labour intensive til now reliable as means of control push throughs to have defined beginning as the environment returned and wet .By 6000BC agriculture proved successful and became widespread. This marked the beginning of the Neolithic villages and the eventual culture shift to ceramics and religion. normality America had a later progress, the beginnings of cultivation began in Mesoamerica and may have spread compass sum by migrates who imprinted their knowledge. Larger amounts of maize were discovered in gloomyer apparently less true sites in South west north America showing an already developed cultigens in foreign terrain. South west Asia also saw a large spread out from the hilly flanks referenced by Flannery.North America had limited cultigens in comparison to south west Asia. The Americas having s examples such as quash, maize, beans sump weed , sunflowers and beans. Asia produced wheat, barley, rye and an assortment of wild animals residing on the hilly flanks that could be successfully cultivated such as sheep and goats. South west Asias reveal produce was the Rye revealed by studies into the Jordan vale and Syria during the intensified cultivating years of the Neolithic period around 8800 BC.Leading to a population growth which does non become obvious in north America as nomadic living continues and although cultigens were successfully developed a dependency on hunting and gathering was favoured. Squash was used as floats for fishing and so thinner membranes were preferred later their touch exterior was preferred when needed as bowls. An example of change by public. Social exchange features in both sphere of influences although it appears that the feasting theory is better back up by southwest Asia as Americas show a reluctance to settle and created lineages.At Carlston Annis, South west north America a muc h later site entering the woodland period provided human faecal matter that proved a major dependency on wild foods especially from the woods. It would appear that later thousands of years of cultivation with travel and trade the hunter gatherers still relied on the foods. This reluctance does not appear in southwest Asia. The manipulation of crops and animals provide direct link to the first semi-sedentary farmers called the Natufians in the late Epipaleolithic 12,000-9600. worldly remains and cultural traits are in key areas, subsequent layers of deposits reveal long and repeated occupation. sway implements as morters for grinding . The Natufians had also left the shelter of the cave to build their own structures ( Dorothy Garrod 1898-1968). The late Paleoindians relied on rock shelters and created major earthworks as shown at Koster in Illinois and Eva in Tennessee. Eva showing links to the earlier Paleo-Indian with its recognisable toolkit found in the archaic site ( The huma n past 2005).In conclusion these very different crops led to a very different pace of change between the two continents. Asias steady but sure cultivation started a fast pace route to civilisation that of which the Americas did not. The Americas environment allowed for small agriculturists with irrigation sites such as at La capas dating 1250 BC. A slow breeding in air to Asia. However the burials at Eva do mirror the evidence found in burial sites such as Ohalo 11 where burials have grave goods and signal some status.Hinting that cognitive development may have evolved in force(p) as Asias had but the need for agriculture was less intense therefore a later necessity for the north Americans. Bibleography The Human Past Chapter 6 Trevor Watkins, Chapter 9 David L. Browman, Gayle J. Fritz, Patty jo Watson. David j Meltzer 2005 2009 Thames and Hudson Limited .http//www. archaeology. org/9707/newsbriefs/squash. hypertext mark-up language http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Neolithic_Revol utionAgriculture_in_the_Americas Part 2 Do you think changing climate was the key force accounting for the development of agriculture?The two continents America and Asia have a stark difference in the development of agriculture. Evidence of semi-sedentary living can be traced in Southwest Asia 20,000 years at Ohallo II. A boom onus fallows the Younger Dryas , this climatic alteration complys with villages such as Akrotiri . Great expansion also occurs in Israel and Jordan. Neve David is one example that existed in the heart of the Epipaleolithic and so must have been able to sustain and domesticate during this climate. Sites also developed during the drier, cooler Younger Dryas such as the Natufians and Abu Hureyra.The early Helocene was a damp climate, so the recovery of forestry may have provided more room for expansion bettern the tight years previously. Theories such as Demographic explanations for the development of agriculture, the oasis theory and hilly flanks all can coi ncide with the climatic alterations and purport reasons for the expansion and successful development of agriculture. The oasis theory can be supported by the die back of forestry during the Younger Dryas, it can also be supported by the locomote of sea levels at the end of the last Global Maximum.Space may have forced humans, plants and animals in closer proximity and therefore utilized each others recourses. Plants also showed a willingness to adapt to human fundamental interaction such as Barley developing a tougher rachis and animals co-existing to live off waste for example. The Americas give a good example of co-existing with its reluctance to give up the hunter gatherer way of flavour completely. The woodland eras caves provide remains that show wild foods were widely depended on and storage was key, quite than unceasing agriculture.Tools were designed for nomadic purportways although were capable of processing cultivated foods such as Maize and Gourd. Although the nomad ic life style of the north Americans the delayed acceptance of agriculturist means suggest a degree of melt movement therefore the oasis theory may not be relevant in the Americas as with southwest Asia. The demographic theory details a supply and demand scenario. Southwest Asias numerous aceramic Neolithic settlements can support this theory as they grew and often extinguished themselves for example Catalhoyuk.Slash and flare techniques cleared forests and settlements meant birth rates were higher. The Helocene climate may have assisted in the population attach providing a reliable source of nourishment. Stable temperatures meant that earlier developed techniques could be used in teemingness in contrast to earlier erratic climates that did not allow certain plants to reach full latent Plants put more energy into seed growing that wood fibres they adapted to the climate and so humans can be seen to have adapted also to suit the plants suggesting the evolutionary theory that he turn to agriculture was a natural development.Population increase remained low in north America and so the climatic revival appears to have no effect as such. The Hilly Flanks theory suggests a nutritious beginning of which the climate was able to sustain the ideal potential domesticates. This theory limits the geographical opportunity of the development of agriculture therefore suggests that climate change may have not been a key situation in the development of agriculture as it appears to have occurred alternatively in a key area instead.This is supported by the agricultural development in Mesoamerica and the spread to the North. Examples being Squash in North America already showing signs of domestication even though new to the area. The feasting theory can be linked to the expansion and demographic theory and serves as an explanation for larger settlements leaving numerous artefacts such as grave goods and evidence of trade and travel. Catalhoyuk abundance and appreciation o f goods is not match in early North America although appreciation of shells and beads are apparent.Travel and trade may have been possible due to the Holocene stable climate that was not possible previously and therefore and good vista for techniques being emulated and therefore spreading, the Natufians for example. In conclusion the climatic was a key force in the development of agriculture, however as part of other key developments. No one theory explains the diversity in agricultures beginnings or its geographical variety.Climate does play an important role in providing these developments but alternative key forces such as the region, terrain, flora and fauna appear to dictate the place, success and timing of such developments, not the climatic situation alone. Humans domestication of animals features mainly in Asia, North America reveals very little. This would suggest that region and continent had more to dictate in the development of agriculture providing a recipe rather than one ingredient that spurred a global change